En aras de revertirlo proponemos dirigir mayores esfuerzos hacia los sitios a cielo abierto que están por descubrir en ambientes fluviales. El registro arqueológico del Precerámico en las tierras altas de Mesoamérica sufre de un sesgo a favor de abrigos rocosos. Deposits and sites of Paleoindian age may be more commonly preserved than those of Archaic age. The fragmentary nature of the alluvial record and the paucity of sites can be explained by the changes in stream behavior wrought by agricultural land use, and are conditioned by the intensity and antiquity of agriculture in any given area. We distinguish between geographical areas, stream reaches, and time intervals that do or do not hold much promise for further research. We identify a few deeply buried locales with the remains of extinct megafauna, intentionally set fires, and lithic debitage. Four case studies – from the states of Tlaxcala, México, Morelos, and Oaxaca – reconstruct the geometry and age structure of late Quaternary alluvium from exposures in cutbanks, brickyards, and purposefully dug trenches. Predicting site location requires attention to the peculiar nature and behavior of incised ephemeral streams (barrancas) and the complex alluvial stratigraphic sequences that they leave behind. We advocate more fieldwork in streamside settings, where open-air sites are likely to be found for reasons related both to the systemic context of hunter-gatherer lifeways and the geoarchaeological context of site burial and preservation. The Preceramic archaeological record of highland Mesoamerica is biased towards rockshelter sites. 1200 to 900 B.C., when the Cunil and Kanocha complexes in western Belize and Swasey sphere in northern Belize are reported. Ceramics seem to appear unevenly from ca. shows intensifying maize cultivation, apparently mobile populations, and also the emergence of well-defined stone tool traditions that trend into the early Middle Preclassic. The Late Archaic includes two facets, the Early (3400-1900 B.C.) and the Late (1500-900 B.C.) Preceramic, and represents the first appearance and gradual spread of cultivation together with habitat modification. and was probably characterized by mobile hunter-foragers. The Archaic, beginning as early as 8000 B.C., is poorly dated until 3400 B. Cave sites hold particular promise for yielding new and well-preserved remains from this early period. The Paleoindian period includes influences from North as well as South America, with settlement preferences shown for river valleys and near-coastal margins. This paper summarizes previously published information and presents new archaeological data in bringing the hunting-and-gathering and itinerant horticultural millennia of this region into a more accurate and comprehensive perspective than has been presented to date. The first people of Mesoamerica brought with them technologies developed in North America but that were modified to adapt to the neotropics.Įvidence from preceramic Paleoindian and Archaic time periods in Belize has been recorded over the past quarter of a century by a number of projects. Whereas in Sonora and the Southwest USA the Pleistocene inhabitants were affiliated as a group represented by the Clovis cultural tradition, the peopling of Mesoamerica was a complex process involving multiple waves of Pleistocene and Early Holocene period immigrants that adapted to a variety of environments the small group size and regionalization of the first people of Mesoamerica obscure the identity of the groups for the archaeologist. Based upon this characterization of Sonoran Pleistocene occupation, we can infer patterns potentially applicable to the existing archaeological data from Mesoamerica. In this paper, we describe and characterize the Sonoran Clovis site patterns, along with the organization of lithic technology and the cultural landscape. A variety of site contexts have been recorded to date, including encampments, lithic quarries, and a gomphothere kill location. Currently, 140 Clovis projectile points have been documented within Sonora 60 as isolated finds and 80 having been recovered from six sites. Archaeological investigations over the past 20 years have revealed that around 13,500 years ago the northern half of the state of Sonora was an important Clovis territory (Sanchez 2016:37). Clovis is the oldest cultural tradition yet known in the Americas, extending over most of North America and is characterized by the unique lanceolate Clovis projectile point that has been widely dated to the Late Pleistocene. The state of Sonora, located in northwest Mexico, represents the southernmost nucleus of Clovis cultural development.
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